NURTURE AFFECT NATURE (CROAL--NIAN LIU)

For new-born infants, nature occupy to bigger percentage in their growth, because nature give them many abilities making us startle. For example, they can find sound source and distinguish their differences among some similar sound (Aslin, 1993; Atkinson, 1999). Evenly, you need not tell them who are you, they can distinguish who are their parents or detect differences between their parents' voice and other people, because some babies will cry when strange people take them or they ^ in a strange environment. Effective influence and education is also a necessary part which should not be overlooked in people's growth. For example, some bad habits or characters on the children who grow up in the personality of a great relationship, children will affect the healthy growth of children; on the other hand, if children live with excellent people, children will good for babies who are good at imitating growing child and teaching them to become excellent. That is this is what we know nurture will change nature for infant.Some people think the congenital impacts will be greater for the growth of babies in their future, such as intelligence. They think that the level of children's intelligence have many factors, but congenital influence will be greater; and through other change to effect children growth, for example, continue education after the birth and effect from environment, they will to change and to nurture talent, but this change would be more difficult. Therefore, researchers and some parents are trying to change the relationship between use of some outside influence in a child's birth or education, such as prenatal education. In modern society, prenatal education is becoming increasingly popular and important, it use some tool from outside to create a comfortable environment to living and growing during pregnancy, such as listen to music, tell story, and other simple practice which benefit and easy to pregnant women. These necessary tools from outside make the child was born intelligent, personality stability, conducive to their intelligence, personality, emotions, ability and other aspects of development, and after the birth of life on the road of development.
But we have to ignore nurtured bringing to us massive influences, such as family and social environment. An outcome from a report about the effect of the family environment for child’s language abilities, especially for the middle-class Chinese American.(1983) This report shows what children will get different influence in various families environment, for example, some children good at reading and writing, and their theses abilities better than other children growing in the foreign families. Some people think nature is more important than environment for children growth, other people hold ^ opposite opinion, I think both of all important for children, we cannot ignore anyone. For people, we need to use nurture effect to improve children basic of congenital. For example, prenatal education is a great instance to explain that the effect of nature bring to foetus and infant. And another hand, nurtured environment in the same important stage.



Reference:
1.Yao, Esther Lee, 1983, , online
http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED269515&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED269515
2.Atkinson，1999， as cited in Aslin， 1983

Nurture influence

Environment of nurture is the essential affect on the development of the newborn’s personality and abilities. [Is this a topic sentence.]

Generally, parents do not pay enough attention to which part of infant’s life they can give more influence to develop [Can you support this?]. However, a lot of philosophers and researchers have tried to identify it and have compared the nature and nurture aspects and then ^ which of them plays an important role of early human growing.

In the present essay I will first look at the environmental position of nature in early human life before turning to nurture facts with providing evidences of them and then I will explain my own opinion about above said topic. 
 [Make these 3 paragraphs one.]

The less unchangeable stage in the learning of motors skills is nature. However, the personal characteristics, sex of fetus and the colour of skin, eyes and hair are determined by the genetic structure. Also, the maturational process plays the most important role in the fetus existence. For example, the reaction of fetus, which expressed by kicking and turning are demonstration of the mother’s feelings, emotions and behavior at that time. Apparently, the bed habits, such as, smoking, consumption of drugs and alcohol in the period of maturation are a number of reason which can damage normal maturation. Moreover, the factors of illness or bed heredity provide unhappy and difficult future because the fetus might get innate health problems which are not amenable to treatment. Accordingly, parent need to keep herself healthy and with stable mood. [Is this talking about nature or nurture.]

The newborn has to face to with a new stage in his life, which in order has a lot of barriers due to a nurture environment. Infants are born with a basic platform which they able to improve while grow. It ^ well known, that they have innate abilities, such as, hearing a loud noises, turn a heads towards the sound and to distinguish a taste and smells which give a chance to newborns to adapt in nurture area and be survival [ref?]. Obviously, these are not enough for whole life of child. Consequently, parents should effect on their children growing by learning and important experience play. According to the read article the early practices and extra stimulations can improve and accelerate the physical motors and reflections. For instance, “a group of infants, who were being trained to do steps during first two months, began walking earlier than babies, who had not this experience. Due to a general speech practice, human infants talk earlier comparatively to others who did not get that attention” [Paraphrase this] (Zelazo, Zelazo&Kolb, 1972).

By following fact I want to focus on statement, which say that social environment is key activity for ^ development of individuals, with ^ own supporting idea. I am not going to debate with this viewpoint; in contrast, I will explain argument in evidence. To support an idea that personal behavior and individualism are built by environment and learning I can show the John B. Watson’s argument, which suggested “to take a dozen healthy infants and teach them to be anything he/she selects – doctors, lawyers, artists, beggars or thief” (Watson, 1930, p.82). I agree with this extract because parents, in reality, have enough possibility and power to change their child personality, values and beliefs. The newborn infants ^ like an empty container which they can fill in during childhood by sensible upbringing. In fact, varieties of facts which are able to change and correct the attitude of human are family’s culture, religion orientation, education and economic status.

To sum up, although, capacities of the newborn infants to be survival, which nature gave them, the nurture makes the most valuable impact on the early humanity. Parents as a tool of endowments can make serious influence on the flexible nature of their children because it is the main step of lifestyle of baby when we can work with. [unclear final sentence]

Bibliographical reference:

Zelazo, Zelazo & Kolb, 1972; Kuhl et al, 1992; Eimas, 1975;

Reading & writing source book, Early human development, p.12

Nature and nurture（John）

The debate these days draws our attention about whether nature or nurture which one play more important role in our human life. It is indisputable that both of nature and nurture are two significant factors and influence our growth. Most supporters of the nurture theory hold a conventional wisdom that family and cultural environment determined our behaviors and personality traits, and not genetically determined. Whereas, from my point of view, I inclined to agree that nature has an immense impact on determining personal character and the makeup of a person.

There is an old saying in China is certainly true that “It's easier to move a mountain than change a man's character!” In my eyes, a person who was born with his nurture might affect his personality to transfer or to be strengthen, but ultimately his genes still have a significant impact on how his lifelong living and thinking style.

Scientists had made a great many of experiments to research the twins. The studies of the twins that were reared apart and of uniform abilities, interest, and personalities illustrate that genes and nature has a huge impact on a person and what it means to be human. In Megan Rolerkite’s essay, he found that “The Bruce and Brian case is a good example that proves that gender identity isn’t an effect of nurturing, that a child is born with ties to a specific gender. The correlations in the IQ scores of the twins demonstrate that nature has a larger effect than nurture on intelligence. The twins that were separated early in childhood had surprisingly high IQ correlations”.

Moreover, just taking one’s Interest as an instance, It’s the universally acknowledged that interest is the best teacher in our life, and we all know that interest in a large extent depends on the person's innate factors, so the development of their own congenital genes play a significant role. Furthermore, in my eyes, congenital genes determine our personality, just like a proverb said that “Fools grow without watering”. I believe that any top-level talent, such as those well-known famous people like the artists, scientists, military strategists, politicians and of world champions including various sports etc. are genetically determined. So a person's IQ and outstanding aptitude are mainly belong to genes, education cannot make an ordinary people become genius.

I think education can only make ordinary people become more professional and skillful, and can foster a person's emotional intelligence, it can set or change a person's values, build a person's knowledge structure. But to the vast majority of ordinary people, all kinds of innate ability differences are not exit many gaps, mainly working with the nurture and education. In brief, the genes producing genius, talent is just an outcome of education.

All in all, although it is generally accepted that nurture is much more vital than nature, I still believe that internal factors that determine our external factors. It goes without saying that congenital conditions determine a person’s intelligence and shape his image-building, which affects all his life.
Reference:
Megan Rolerkite
http://web.pdx.edu/~megr/inquiry_naturevsnurture.htm

Noya's draft 3

Nurture strongly influences early human development

Many scientists know both nature and nurture play important roles in the course of human development. Which of them have more strongly influence on infants has been a debated issue in our world. Some psychologists think environment has more powerful affect, but some others experts firmly do not believe that. In this essay I will explore some arguments for this situation and give my opinion.

On the basis of the hereditarian viewpoint, nature determines infants many physiological features. All of our physiological features are controlled by our genes. Our genes which get from our parents contain all the physiological information. They determine our race, sex, the colour of our skin, eyes, and hair and general body size. More over fetus may get some hereditary disease from their genes. (Atkinson, et al, 1999, pp. 12-13)

Nurture also can influence early human’s physiological features. For example, a part of the infants may be born deaf, blind or brain-damaged not because they got hereditary disease. But, they may be influenced when they in their mother’s body. Everyone knows the human fetus developing in the mother’s body for about ten months, at this period fetuses are very weak and they are in a critical stage of development. If the environment of baby living is seriously abnormal by some external influences, maturational processes can be destroyed. For instance, if baby’s mother lack of nutrition, keep smoking, drinking or take drugs all of these will change the uterine environmental that can affect the normal maturation of the fetus. So that baby may be born disability.

At the same time, nurture can change the speed of baby’s development. More recent researches show that giving baby more extra practices can make them master some behaviours more quickly. For example, nowadays, many parents buy a baby walker to their children. The function of baby walker is providing an upright position to help baby learning walking earlier. Many facts show that it is very helpful for baby. “A group of infants who were given stepping practice for a few minutes several times a day during the first two months of life began walking five to seven weeks earlier than babies who had not had this practice” (Zelazo, Zelazo&Kolb, 1972). Just like John B Watson and B.F. Skinner’s argument: “early training can turn a child into any kind of adult, regardless of his or her heredity”. (Watson and Skinner, 1930.p.30 as cited in Atkinson, et al, 1999, p. 12)

In addition, environment will make many far-reaching influences on baby. By six months of age, the baby will have gained enough information about the langue which they hear from their around, and it will also have begun to ‘screen out’ sounds it does not use (Kuhl et al, 1992). “Thus, human infants appear to be born with perceptual mechanisms already tuned to the properties of human speech that will help them in their mastery of language” (Eimas, 1975). So if parents speak more different language around the baby that can have a good benefit for their children future language study.

Base on what has been mention above, compare of nature and nurture’s influences. We can see that nurture not only affect the physiology but also influence their future development And its influence will rise with the passage of time. So I would like to say that nature has more strongly impact on infant’s development.

Bibliographical reference:
Zelazo, Zelazo & Kolb, 1972; Kuhl et al, 1992; Eimas, 1975;
John B Watson & B.F. Skinner, 1930
McGraw, 1935/1957; Dennis & Dennis, 1940;
Gesell & Thompson, 1929;
Atkinson et al, 1999, Hilgard’s introduction to Psychology, 12E. 1996 Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.

Noya's draft2

Nurture strongly influences early human development

Everybody knows both nature and nurture play important roles in the course of human development. Which of them is more strongly influence about infants has been a debated issue in UK. Some psychologists think environment has more powerful affect, but some others experts firmly do not believe that. In this essay I will explore same argue for this situation and tell my opinion.

On the basis of the hereditarian viewpoint, nature determines infants many physiological features. All of our physiological features is controlled by our genes. Our genes which get from our parents contain all the physiological information. They decide our sex, race, the colour of our skin, eyes, and hair and general body size. More over fetus may get some hereditary disease from their genes.

Nurture also can influence early human’s physiological features. For example, a part of the infants may be born deaf, blind or brain-damaged not because they got hereditary disease. They may be influenced when they in their mother’s body. Everyone knows the human fetus developing in the mother’s body for about ten months, at this period fetuses are very weak and they are in a critical stage of development. If the uterine environment is seriously abnormal in some way, maturational processes can be destroyed. For instance, if the mother lack of nutrition, keep smoking, drinking or take drugs all of these will change the environmental factors that can affect the normal maturation of the fetus. So that baby may be born disability.

At the same time, nurture can change the speed of baby’s development. More recent researches show that giving baby more extra practice can make them master some behaviours more quickly. For example, nowadays, many parents buy a baby walker to their children. The function of baby walker is providing an upright position to help baby learning walking earlier. Many facts show that it is very helpful for baby. “A group of infants who were given stepping practice for a few minutes several times a day during the first two months of life began walking five to seven weeks earlier than babies who had not had this practice” (Zelazo, Zelazo&Kolb, 1972). Just like John B Watson and B.F. Skinner’s argument: early training can turn a child into any kind of adult, regardless of his or her heredity. (1930.p.30)

In addition, environment will make many far-reaching influences on baby. At the age of six months, the children will have gained enough information about the langue which they hear from their around, and it will also have begun to ‘screen out’ sounds it dose not use (Kuhl et al, 1992). “Thus, human infants appear to be born with perceptual mechanisms already tuned to the properties of human speech that will help them in their mastery of language” (Eimas, 1975). So if parent speak more different language around the baby that can have a good benefit for their children future language study.

Base on what has been mention above, compare of nature and nurture’s influences. I would like to say that nature has more strongly impact of infant’s development. And its influence will rise with the passage of time.


Bibliographical reference:
Zelazo, Zelazo & Kolb, 1972; Kuhl et al, 1992; Eimas, 1975;
John B Watson & B.F. Skinner, 1930, p.30
McGraw, 1935/1957; Dennis & Dennis, 1940;
Gesell & Thompson, 1929;
Reading & writing source book, Early human development, p.12 p.13 and p.15

changed by leila

Heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) which one is stronger to influence human's development has been discussed for many centuries. Researchers using different ways to prove which one is more influence in our development but haven't a clear result.
Some researchers suggest that infants have their own abilities to learn something which attract them. This kind of abilities which have not been trained, it is obviously because of nature. And other fact which can prove the power of nature’s influence is the difference of gene. Different genes will lead to different personalities, two persons grow up at same education background, but have different talent which make them have different careers and different individuals, this kind of things always happened around us, because of different talents, some people more keen in music but someone else think math is more interesting. Various gifts always make them have different aims, they all caused by nature. Meanwhile, same genes always lead to similar physical appearance, even divided twins if the family which adopted them have the same habits and customs, their looks will also have few differents, though they haven’t meet each other for many years. The other things can prove why nature is so important is the children always looks like their parents very much. It’s all because of genes. Different race also due to various genes, it can lead to the different eye and skin colors which all influenced by heredity.
But the other researchers hold the various opinion, they think the humans are malleable, it’s all depends on environment which will lead people to different kinds of person. Some investigator like John B. Watson believe they can train the children since they were born, and let them become the person he wish them to be, they know nothing but to allow what you let them to do, at this time, if you mean to change a newborn baby, it may changeable because you tell them everything to let them follow your advice.The change of environment also is a fact of individual alteration，it is happened because of parents divorce or leave far away from hometown which easily make children become unsociable and eccentric. In addition to this，shortage of vitamins is also a fact to influence human’s personalities, state shows short of different vitamins will result in different character disorder, like lack of vitamin B will lead a person easily to get angry, this kind of phenomenon definitely due to the influence of nurture.[ E Weiss - Annals of Internal Medicine, 1947 - Am Coll Physicians]
So what I suggest is nature take most part of factor because it decided what people looks like, what kinds of talent they have, and part of their personalities. But because of different of environments the individual will changed as well, it will lead people become different from their should be. To sum up both of them influence the human being’s development.
Reference:
Reading & Writing Text 2-1. Page 12, 13.
EDWARD WEISS, M.D., F.A.C.P. PSYCHOGENIC RHEUMATISM June 1, 1947 vol. 26 no. 6 890-900
Nonamehttp://www.zftrans.com/bbs/simple/index.php?t16800.html

Nature Vs Nuture

Human gene and living environment are two important elements which determine a infant future personality, growth and development. But which factor is more important? Are they equal? Ther are two types of school of thought, the first claim heredity dominate infant whole life, while the second school of thought argue that environment is the main determinate. This issue has been around for ages, the argument of both side never stop and they haven't found a singal answer. the purpose of this essay is trying to find out the relationships of nature and nutre.

Biologists believes nature play a very important rule, the gene ,talents, all characteristics a infant inherited from parents decide his/her future. In contrast, Behaviourists totally disagree with that viewpoint. ''Human nature is completelly malleable.'' John B. Waston and B.F Skinne argued (p12) They stated the nature can be changed through training and living experience. A goodnature infant not absolutly become a good person, vice versa. Watson (1930, p104) explained that if give him some healthy infant, he can make all of them become useful person, also, those infants can become beggars or thief. Thus, he concluded the main idea is that how the society or trainer treat those infants, not the gene they inherited.

Both side gave us a clear and resonable answer about heredity and environment. But, the modern scientists think the interaction play the role same as both nature and nuture, all of them are essential.

A study found that fetus have the same development process, when they are in the fixed conditions. However, if the outside environment changed, the fetus growth stage will also vary. For instance, if mother suffer German measles during the first three month of preganancy, the fetus will be damaged at the same time. In addition, scientists used experiment to prove the interaction between nature and nuture after birth. They found that '' practice or extra stimulation can accelerat the appearance of motor behaviours to some extent.'' (Zelazo, Zelazo & Kolb, 1972) They concluded if a infant persist in practing stepping every day then he will start walking faster than peers who had not had practice.

Scientists considered that DNA and experience influence the different areas, such as ''biological predispositions as guiding development in certain directions, but experience as influencing how that development manifests itself.'' (.holah.co.uk)
Take an example, a deformed athlete, even he/she has physical damaged, but through their efforts, they still can achieve successed. Thus, I believe no one element can absolutly influence ^ future, the key point is how we manage ourself.


BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.John Slaght, Paddy Harben and Anne Pallant(2009)''interaction between nature and nurture'' (p12-130)Published by Garnet Publishing Ltd
2. 'Nature and nurture' Available adress: www.holah.co.uk/page/nature and nuture [access date 22th-Oct-2010]

Nature and nurture by Leila

Nature and nurture
The issue about heredity(nature) and environment(nurture) which is more important has been discussed for many centuries. Researchers using different way to prove which is the more influence in our development but there haven’t a clear achievement.
Some researchers suggest that infants have their own abilities to learn something which attract them. This kind of ability which is no trained, it is obviously because of nature. And other fact which can prove the power of nature’s influence is the different of genes, research shows different genes will lead to different personalities, two person grow up at same situation, but have different talent which make them have different careers and different individuals. [ref?] Meanwhile same genes always lead to similar individuals, even divided twins if the family which adopt them have same background or their foster parents have nearly characters, their lives will also have few different, though them haven’t meet each other for many years [needs support. I don't think it's true.]. Short of vitamins is also a fact to influence human’s personalities, state shows short of different vitamins will result in different character disorder, like lack of vitamin B will lead a person very easy to get angry, this kind of phenomenon definitely due to the influence of nature. [is this nature or nurture?]
But the other researchers hold the various opinion, they think the human is malleable, it’s all depends on environment which will lead people to different kinds of person. Just like a couple of twins which were been separated since they were born and their lives is completely different even their personalities. There have a pair of identical twins they ^ named Gladys and Helen which were born in a small Ohio town and been separated since they were 18 months. They were been adopted by different family with the big difference background. Helen was graduated from college and Gladys' education ended when she was 10 years old. “Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of her personal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships. Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners. A scientist who studied them remarked, "As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these two twins should be quite effective."”(no name ) Some investigator like John B. Watson believe they can train the child since they were born, and let them become the person he wish them to be, they know nothing but to allow what you let them to do, at this time, if you mean to change a newborn baby, it may changeable because you tell them everything to let them follow your advice.
So what I suggest is nature take a most part of factor which decide human’s
individuals, but because of different of environment the development will changed as well, it will lead people become different from their should be. To sum up both of them influence the human being’s development.

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Soffia-46297-Unit-6-Nature-Nurture-Book-II-Preparation-Words-apart-besides-except-a-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/

Nature and nurture (Esther)

Nurture strongly early human development

What determines us, the inherited genes or the environment influence our development, behavior and intelligence. Until now, the debate is still on. Some people believe that it is nature affect our ways of life, others people think it is the environment influence us, and some believe that all of these influence our behavior. Either way, social scientists have been working hard for us to decide whether the character of birth or made in several centuries.

Our genes made us, nature represents what we are born with and cannot control. The genes we receive from our parents determine our biological make up. In many countries, some children are called the prodigy. Although their age is quite small, but they are very clever, for example, Michael Kevin Kearney is the youngest postgraduate over the world. He earned his first degree when he was 10 and he became to a professor when he was 17.Kim Ung-Yong who is a Korean super-genius attended university when he was 4 and finished Ph.D when he was 15. Kim Ung-Yong was able to write in Japanese, Korean, German, and English when he was four-year old.
we have to say, these people is really clever . The nature is very important when we see this very clever people .At the same time, we cannot explain in a very short time how they do it .so the nature for every one is basic, we must make sure every newborn health when they were born, and we develop into a normal person. In addition, we know that genius in the world is still very small. They are the product of the world wonder.


However, A man is natural attributes, although their genes have a large impact on how they will live their life. Their nurture may influence these characteristics to change. The nurture impact people development is the most important point. No matter on which country, government always spends a lot of energy in education. Form this point,we can see the nurture for every person is so important. The knowledge structure, emotional intelligence and the views of value can be fostered by the education. There is only a tiny difference in innate ability for the majority of ordinary people. However, there will be a difference for the majority of ordinary people due to the difference nurture and education in their future life.

There is a real example， In 1941, a report about Japanese twin brother , The two brothers were separated at birth and grew up in a different family, they do not know each other until they early twenties, but they also repeatedly with pulmonary tuberculosis, because they have the same genes , The more unusual is that they are in the same stage of the life ,but they have different lifetime : one became the thief has been jailed, Another became the Christian priest. The two brothers have experienced war, but also adopted, however, have the similar experience, but they behaved so extraordinary (Peter • B, 2006). Therefore, we also cannot ignore external pressure. Everyone live in the different environment, so we will meet the different experience and opportunities.

Environment and their decision will affect a person's development and behavior. People through the efforts can achieve the purpose the in mind. In brief, the gene produced a genius, talent is the education of the product.


http://web.pdx.edu/~megr/inquiry_naturevsnurture.htm
Peter • B, 2006 http://www.gmw.cn/content/2006-01/30/content_366020.htm

The second essay of Mark

Nature and nurture
Scientists always argues about nature and nurture, and try to find which one has more effects for the new born baby in order to make sure the infants can grow up well. Obviously, nurture and nature both play important role for the human’s life, and making defferent influences. Nature decides the gene and heredity of the human being. Nurture determins the people's personality and behavior. Today we will focus on talking about what effects nature and nurture make during the development of the people.

Infants were born with no expriences.Children are similar as white paper, nature means the paper, and every child is the same [really? This is bald assertion]. Nurture is the printer. The value of the picture mostly depends on what you will print, not the paper. [this is argument by bad analogy] That means the growth of the children is the process of learning. Children learn everything from what they see, hear and feel. In another word, children learn from the environment. Children also need to be taught, and develop themselves quickly.
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and train him to be any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors’ (John B. Watson, 1930, p. 104). [Don't start a paragraph with a long quote without explaining why] He believes that infants are the same at the beginning. They will choose they way which you give them or which the environment influence them. They even do not know what is right or wrong unless you tell them which is right. They have different faces, voices, and especially genes, these are given by nature, however, heredity can not become to the key for children’s life. Children only change because of the environment, from what they learn from the environment.
Learning is another key that makes lots of effects for children. New born baby has no experiences, whatever you teach them they will learn without “no”. Nature makes nothing on it. Children accumulate experiences by seeing, hearing and feeling. They will get your experiences if you teach them, and easily change their mind by your experiences, then develop themselves. For example, children reared in middle-class American homes begin to speak at about one year of age. Children reared in San Marcos, a remote village in Guatemala, have little verbal interaction with adults and do not utter their first words until they are over two years old (Kagan, 1979). [quote?]
Children’s life is changeable. Both nature and nurture are play roles in their lives. Nature gives them appearances. Nurture gives them personality. In one word, the key for effecting children’s life and directing them is nurture.
Reference: Reading & Writing Text 2-1. Page 12, 13.

nature and nurture(Isabella)

I think that personality, ability, and intelligence are all very significant. There are some things that are not changed. Parents' ability about control is limited and their children were born without ability and telent [unclear]. Children are helpless to some things at sometimes.The development of the future is the base of nuture. If they work hard .they will compensate for capacity. You can train the interests for children, but ultimately ,you must obey the nuture interests.In addition to the children ‘s factor about intelligence and personality . The quality system about body is very important, such as digestion system. Some children might have a good appetite.the child excessively expect to follow his own idea and to make a dream and myth. I think they should influence on genetic "hereditary" or "natural" and this is the foundation. The quality of education offered "condition". If the conditions are different, the development process and the results will also had a very big difference. In the same basis,if the conditions is good, environmental is good too. [unclear. is this an intro?]
both of them are all indispensable . Therefore, the first factor [?] is to have their own outstanding genetic factors .the second factor is intelligence. Genetic element has a good education. So it is not difficult to find the nuartural education to improve children's intelligence. The nurtural education is very important.if he has not good environment, growing up with bad habit. Everyone is not born with wise .children are all equal. The mental development, inheritance is the foundation, the education and environment is the conditions.both must not be overlooked. After the baby is born with innate. Innate mental factors can become a reality. It is the cultural background. The surrounding environment, family and school education for the many factors influence.
My opinion is that children’s ability is different. Some children are the genius. Some children should work hard. If we are the most fortunate to have a child who have telent, it is very good. If all the children rechieve the same education, so their fate decided on how much they have telent. But today most of the children are not educated totally. However, the parents had take a better positive practice for the child's character in education. But in reality, the protection of the child's personality, parents have no much more ideas. I think, if a group of parents to join together to create a good child development environment, we can to protect children's personality.

nature and nurture(karen)

You get your black eyes from your father, and your blond hair from your mother, but where did you get your shy personality and ability for painting? Did you gain these from your parents or were they inherited by genes? This is the problem of “nature”and”nurture” that experts always argue. However, we do not yet know how much we are decided by DNA and how much developed by environment or experience, but most psychologists agree both hereditary and environmental factors play important roles in human development. [Your sentence?]

There is no doubt that many characteristic programed by our genes.The article in LIFE Magazine, “Were You Born That Way” by George Howe Colt, claimed that “ New studies show it’s mostly in your genes.” It is because of genes that we develop into a person rather than any other kinds of animals even they decide our gender, skin color and body size. The infant maybe born with disabilities if the mother or other family members has genetic diseases. If genetics did not play a part, then it would be difficult to explain that why people all look different.

There is no denying that human have our own innate skill while animals have their own instinct as well, but generally, any other experts think human nature is malleable, a child can develop into any kind of adult by the surrounding environmental factors. John Locke, a british philosopher believed that "the mind of a newborn infant is a blank slate. what gets written on this slate is what the baby experiences."[textbook p12 line10].Newborn infant learn all knowledge from their five sensory systems, taste, smell, see, hearing and feeling. They can imitate every behaviour from other children or adult and it is the^ same as animals. For example, a chimpanzee in the zoo of South Africa, he addicted to smoke like people. [South Africa smoking chimp dies, TAIPEI TIMES,

] As the result of some investigations, he learned it from tourists day by day, then he got this skill and imitated very similar with human. This also explains why children can speak their own language without any lessons. It is because of their environment of life that they learn it from parents unconsciously. If environmental factors did not play a part, then we would never know why a person has different individual’s traits and behaviors in different period.

In my opinion, people develop with both nature and nurture. If we want to be successful or get some achievement, It not only depends on our talent but we also need to work hard. Such as Mozart and Beethoven, they all were born in musical family and they all inherited to the musical genes obviously, but we generally neglect their exertion and passion of music while we only admire their talent.

In this way , I believe that a combination of natural development with birth and the experiences in life, affect one’s processes of maturation.

Reference: A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior---by B.F. Skinner [did you refer to this in the text? where are the references for the other souces you used?]

Were you born that way---LIFE MAGAZINE,George Howe Colt

Nature vs nurture--Are we really born that way--by Kimberly Powell---genealogy.about.com

Nature and Nurture(Sylvia)

Innate factors and acquired environment, which is more important has been the subject of debate for psychologist.Today most psychologists agree not only that both nature and nurture play important roles but that they interact continuously to guide development. (Atkinson et al., 1999, page 12)
The development of many human qualities such as character, intelligence, etc., interacted by both innate factors and acquired environment.Innate factors determine our personality, and it’s hard to change, and the acquired environment can only give amend on the personality. For children , the interest is the best teacher, and the interest is largely depends on innate factors, so the development of their own innate factors plays a significant role. Innate factors often determined a person's ability. Therefore, innate factors is not good, person may not be able to control the acquired environment. Good genes will bring up the talent. If people have not a perfect physique and mind, they may do many things feel powerless, unable to control and beyond their grasp.
Congenital basis only, the actual situation cannot be changed, but the acquired environmental good or bad can determine whether a person can progress or more sink. For people, the development is the most important issue, and the existence of genetically determined congenital, acquired environmental impact a person's future. The acquired environmental can change one’s life, and the acquired environmental can compensate for lack of congenital. a person will unconsciously affected by the external environment, these factors virtually literacy in people's character based on innate factors significant change, which plays a decisive role We cannot choose congenital, but we can grasp the acquired environmental, we should take our own life. For example, the seventeenth-century British philosopher John Locke rejected the prevailing notion of his day that babies were miniature adults who arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge and who simply had to grow in order for these inherited characteristics to appear. (Atkinson et al., 1999, Page 12 ) The most typical example is the twins, twin children of different growth environment, grow up personality, behavior will appear very different. Genetically determined biological factors, acquired environmental impact behavior and psychological mechanisms. Genetics is the foundation, and acquired education and environment are conditions, both of which cannot be ignored. Capability of a person, such as intelligence and personality, some by genetic effects, are born with, some from the surrounding environment after birth to learn and master. If the child's psychological quality is impatience or stable, is cheerful or depressed, is cowardly or brave, mainly from the parents of the genetic, acquired education difficult to change. The child's thinking, common sense, creativity, imagination and other mental activities, environment and education acquired by the impact of very large, and nurtured by the environment and education to master the wisdom of mental activity, making it play the full intellectual.
Innate factors and acquired environment affect person's intelligence together.That is, if two people had only a small genetically different, but after birth acquired the interaction, the difference will be significant.

Reference：
1.Atkinson et al. Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology, 12E.(c)1996 Wadsworth
2.www.mightystudent.com

Nature or Nurture.(Steven's)

Nature or Nurture

Many people assert that heredity (‘nature’) is more essential in infants development. Meanwhile, other people indicate that children are influenced by environment (‘nurture’). Personally, I am in favor of the latter view, this essay will discuss both sides in this debate.

Many years ago, people thought most human activity in society was guided by biological instinct, that means nature. The biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution claimed that human behavior was instinctive. Some people tend to think that trait of children were affected greatly by their parents. That is to say, a child’s character is inborn, where is from their father and mother. If a child were not a clever person, finally he would not be come a successful man, even though he grown up in strongly atmosphere of study. Moreover, according to Chinese traditional culture said that man nature at birth is good. Specifically, newborns have goodness when they came to the world. When a person become a killer or murder, the most important reason is the growth of atmosphere. Although a person who has white or black skin, blue or yellow eyes and brown or black hair, the genes mainly decide that. In other words, only these features come from their parents. So I don’t think nature is important for a child’s growth.

On the other side of the debate though, many individuals argue that nurture play a significant role in human whole life.Genes decide their sex, height, weight, hair, eye color and so on through their parents. In other words, children share a lot of characteristic with their father and mother. However, when they are growing up, many differences from their parents are exposed. According to a new, a famous psychologist grew up in a working families whose parents worked in a small factory; a Spanish girl who was born in Shanghai cannot speak Spanish, because she has been lived in there twenty years and never go back to Madrid. There are so many examples about people were changed by different environment. Different experience gives them change of different and makes their features various but unique. What is more, different habits of right and wrong lead to different behaviors. For example, a boy thinks smoking is given to his health. But, if he saw his parents smoking everyday, he would want to smoking, because a little boy has curiosity, even though he thinks this is wrong. Consequently, we should not overlook the fact that nurture is of great significance not only in personality but also in one’s development.

To sum up, this essay for us to find nature and nurture can never be separated. Not only nature is a fundamental element in human behavior, but also nurture plays an essential role as well. For human, then, nature and nurture are inseparable. I think that a person who was grew up in a favorable environment and work hard will be succeed possibly.

References:

John B Watson, American Psychologis, Behaviorism (1925; revised ed., 1936) Psychological Care of Infant and Child(1928)

George Herbert Mead, anti-Watsonian

Nature and Nurture, www.nutrition.ac.cn/cmain.asp

Essay nature and nurture

People always argue a question about what is more important influence human development between heredity and environment. In different periods of history, experts gived many different opinions. For example, early seventeenth-century, the prevailing notion was babies arrived in the world fully equipped with abilities and knowledge. The march of time, the other theory of this argument was insisted that human nature is completely malleable. Until now, most psychologists agree both of nature and nurture is important. Discern nature and nurture have good for shape personal quality and push human development .

The biographical profile of Edward L. Thorndike said “80% of the wisdom of the decision on the gene, 17% decided in training, 3% determined by causal factors(Edward L. Thorndike, June 1917).”This point of view consider that genetic structure influence human affairs and personalities. The babies have sense like hearing, taste and smell when they are born. Some people believe children inherited characteristics quality from their parents. Intelligence Quotient seems obviously to be determined by innate gene. For example, some children have remember things and understand knowledge easier than the others. This situation determined by gene. On the other hand, some people piont out the gene decided progress of human development that heredity gets across of gene transfers that inherit a lot of virtues during the long-term evolution.

Although heredity is an important cause affected human development, a lot of people hold the other opinion about this argument. They think environment is a matter of cardinal significance, especially for personal character and development. There is a Chinese traditional story about Mencius who is a famous thinker and educationist in China. It talks about his mother for the benefit of his education which moved three times. In ancient times, people already find out environment is important for children’s foundation of the structure of human personality. A new research is about compares 186 Identical twins who have same genetic structure of that life style and the other things concerning environment effects. The results indicated that, even though they have same genetic gene, they look a little different that one of them looks younger than the other one(He Shan,2009).The result comes from the environmental effects on human beings. Above of all, we can found environment not just affect personal quality also change human looks.I think environment into two separate parts: family environment and social environment.Personal character and social skills come from training in family but will be changed in society. Children have similar character with parents not because of innate, but rather about the family environment.

From the above,my viewpoint is both nature and nurture determined human development, but environment have more influence. Gene mostly just decides human looks like hair color, skin and other outward appearance. Human developments more depend on environment change. In fact, environment also shape human personality and early training are easy to change human nature. Focus on nurture influences human development may be more effective inter human development research.

Reference
1. Interaction between nature and nurture

2. Edward L. Thorndike, June 1917
3. He Shan,2009,tonight evening paper

2. Essay Draft ( Hakan )

Nature or nurture which one is more effective on human development. It is an important question for humanity. Philosophers have been searching for the answer, but they have not agreed on one point yet. For example , Charles Darwin' s theory, which is accepted as the basis for evolutionary theories, set up on heredity. In other words, nature has a crucial place on human development. On the other hand, in twentieth century people pointed an other point, they said that human can be formed; they argue that environment is more important.



Charles Darwin support hereditarian viewpoint. During his researches, he realized that genes affect human development. ( Atkinson et al., 1999, pp. 12-13 ) People' s body shape or their character, for example, would depend on their genes. In the same way as considering somebody' s parents skin colour, child' s skin colour can be known. If the parents are white, also their children will be white. Genes effects also can be seen on other features, for example, on human intelligence, psychological behaviours. [but whether this fact is supports nature or nurture is not clear - that's the question.]



On the other hand, in the twentieth century some people supported the opposite idea. This environmentalist approach started to become more popular. Environmentalists like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner claimed that one human can be fully formed. If necessary practices are done in correct way, they can have a wholly new character. ( Watson and Skinner, 1930,p.104 as cited in Atkinson et al. 1999, p 12 ) Their opinion is so interesting, they just focus on nurture. Without looking the infant' s genes, they claim that they can grow up any healthy infant in any form that they want. [unclear]



B. F. Skinner was one of the most important and dominant American psychologists. He defended the nurture and he improved the operant conditioning theory. ( NNDB, 2010 ) He did some tests on animals to demonstrate his theory. He thought that if you are conditioned to do something and if you get a present at the end of your behaviour, you will keep doing. For instance, if a newborn infant do regular walking practices, he can start walking early. ( Zelazo,Zelazo & Kolb, 1972 as cited in Atkinson et al. 1999, p13 ) Or if a newborn infant do speaking practices with his parents and get some present when he make sounds like speaking, he can start to speak earlier. ( Kagan, 1979 as cited in Atkinson et al. 1999, p13 )



Parents often say that their children' s behaviours start to change when they start to school. In my opinion, since they enter a new environment, their behaviours start to change. They are influenced by their teacher or students. They want to have an important role in this social group. But only environment is not enough to change. For example, lot of students want to be most succesful student in the school or most popular student of the school. But few people can do that, because also the genes' role is important. So this a combination of genes and environment.

To conclude, if you consider that they already born with speaking,visual or hearing ability genes affect cannot be ignored. On the other hand, when you think that people behaviours can change in different social groups, definetly you see environment effect. In my opinion, there is not only one answer to this question. Nature and nurture, both of them have a direct effect on early human development.
References

1- Atkinson et al. (1999) Hilgard' s Introduction to Psychology, (13th ed). Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
2- NNDB tracking the entire world, B. F. Skinner; 18.10.2010 available at: http://www.nndb.com/people /297/000022231/

Effect of nurture for nature （CORAL-NIAN LIU ESSAY)

For newborn infant, nature occupy ^ bigger percentage in their growth, because nature give them many making us startle abilities. For example, they can find sound source and distinguish their differences among some similar sound, [ref?] and so on.  Evenly, you need not tell them who are you, they can distinguish who are their parents or detect differences between their parents' voice and other people, because some babies will cry when strange people take them or they ^ in a strange environment.
Effective influence and education is also a necessary part which should not be overlooked in people's growth. For example, some bad habits or character on the children who grow up in the personality of a great relationship, they will affect the healthy growth of children; another hand, if children live with excellent people, they will good for babies who are good at imitating growing child and teach them to become excellent. That is what we as know nurture will change nature for infant.
Some people think the congenital impacts will be greater for the growth of babies in their future, such as intelligence. They think that the level of children's intelligence have many factors, but congenital influence will be greater; and through other change to effect children growth, for example, continue education after the birth and effect from environment, they will to change and to nurture talent, but ^ would be more difficult. Therefore, researchers and some parents are trying to change the relationship between use of some outside influence in a child's birth or education, such as prenatal education. In modern society, prenatal education is becoming increasingly popular and important, it use some tool from outside to create a comfortable environment to foetus living and growing during pregnancy, such as listen to music, tell story, and other simple practice which benefit and easy to pregnant women. These necessary tool from outside make the child was born intelligent, personality stability, conducive to their intelligence, personality, emotions, ability and other aspects of development, and after the birth of life on the road of development. [ref?]
But we have to ignore nurtured bringing to us massive influences, such as family and social environment. A outcome from a report about the effect of the family environment to child's ability of language [verb?], specially for the middle-class Chinese American(1983). This report shows what children will get different influence in various families environment, for example, some children good at reading and writing than other who growing in the foreign families.[unclear]
Some people think nature is more important than environment for children growth, other people hold ^ opposite opinion, I think both of all important for children, we can not ignore anyone. For people, we need to use nurture effect to improve children basic of congenital. For example, prenatal education is a great instance to explain that the effect of nature bring to foetus and infant. And another hand, nurtured environment in the same important stage.



Reference:
Yao, Esther Lee, 1983, , online
http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED269515&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED269515

Essay draft

Nurture strongly influences early human development

Liuqing JIANG (KEVIN) Draft

The nature and nurture it’s always be a controversial issue. Some would clam that nature play a most important role in the human life. But the others would argue that nurture has powerfully influences on human development. In my opinion， the impact of environment on children was more important than human nature that the parents give them.

The genetic program determine our gender, the colour of our hair, eyes, skin and body size, among other things.，which can not change under our control include the intelligence. “Children’s Intelligence scores in a long-term survey were established at 4 and 13 years and related to social and family risk factors. It was assessed by a multiple environmental risk score that each child by counting the number of high-risk conditions from 10 risk factors: mother's behavior, mother's developmental beliefs, mother's anxiety, mother's mental health, mother's educational attainment, family social support, family size, major stressful life events, and occupation of head of household and disadvantaged minority status.” Some people would ask:  where did you get your talent for singing? It is generally accepted that some people are born with talents, for example, British singer Lily Allen，many people says that she is the talent singer（Gray Zone，2009），and others are not.

Some may consider that the environment factor was more significant. The quality of Chinese family education directly affects the children’s development. In ancient China, "Meng Mu San Qian" ancient story proves the importance of family education. This story is about Mencius’ mother decided to move house three times in order to find a suitable place to live, just for change the environment of Mencius’ study. Some scientists have done such a special test: he put a pair of twins, separated since childhood and one of them stay in the good condition family in the city, the other was sent to the remote area to live with relatives. The genetic quality of these two children was same, due to different environments they got a different personality, Stay in the city's one like reading, the personality was more quiet; and the child who lived in the forests like climbing trees, but do not like reading. Through this experiment, the impact of environment on children was considerable.

Why do people in their countries speak their own language？Such as People in England speak English and people in China speak Mandarin? The ‘reasonable compromise’ would be that the people in England has genes that make it easier to learn English and the people in China have genes that make it easier to learn Mandarin, but that both groups must be exposed to a language to acquire it at all. This compromise is, of course, not reasonable but false, as we see when children exposed to a given language acquire it equally quickly regardless of their racial ancestry. Though people may be genetically predisposed to learn language, they are not genetically predisposed, even in part, to learn a particular language; the explanation for why people in different countries speak differently is 100 percent environmental (Steven P,2004).

IQ the intelligence quotient we have is different from everyone, some people with high IQs, and some people with low IQs. However, history has proved that success is not much with the connected between IQs. I think the nurture have strongly influences on early human development.

References：

Gray Zone. (2009). Accessed 16^th Oct 2010.Available online at:

http://grayzone.com/GrayZoneQuarterlyDigest1009.pdf

Steven P. (2004). Why nature & nurture won’t go away.Accessed 14^th Oct 2010.Available online at:

http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/papers/nature_nurture.pdf

jing hongyuan's essay

Is it a real balance?

Subtitle: nature or nurture which will be more strongly influences in early human intelligent development

Introduction: It’s a hard thing to define that the question of nature or nurture which will have  more strongly influence in early human development is a philosophy question or a biology question. As it hard to define, the answer of  this question also make many people feel confused. This a real debate with this question, some people thought that there is a balance between nature and nurture to influences early human development. Sometimes it is a real good way for the question which can’t be answer by yes or no, but is it really a balance? This essay will give you some advice to chose which will more heavy than the other side in this question.

Main body: A newborn half-breed baby with black eyes form his mother, with a white skin form his father, but what about the intelligence? Many scientists thought that intelligence based on individual’s gene, but we can’t ignore the influence of the environment. Which will be more strongly to affect the early human’s intelligence, nature or nurture? Generally speaking there is a balance in this question both side have a equal influence. But is the balance  really equal?

Some people always consider that nurture is more important than nature at early human’s intelligence. Edison has said that” Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration” this is a very famous proverb in Chinese lesson. The teacher often taught their student this sentence to let his student study hard, but we can always find that not every one who working hard will have a high intelligence. Basically speaking that your intelligence not bases on the environment where you live in, but it depends on your gene. It depends on your father or your mother, even your ancestor. "Even for IQ scores, traditionally one of the most controversial areas, a recent survey of over 1,000 scientists and educators indicates that most now believe that individual differences in IQ scores are at least partially inherited (Snyderman & Rothman, 1987)."

Someone think this question by this way, you have two bottles, one is bigger than the other one (this is different of nature). And if you use two different ways to fill these bottles, one is let the liquid flow rate a little fast, another is a little slow (this is different of nurture). But at last you will confused by this question, because you won’t know which bottle will have more water than the other, then you will think that nature and nurture can't be compared with. But this is a really ridiculous thing because human’s intelligence isn’t a bottle. And the nurture isn’t the liquid flow rate. “The old argument of nature vs. nurture has never really been won. We do not yet know how much of what we are is determined by our DNA and how much by our life experience. But we do know that both play a part.(Kimberly Powell)” There isn’t an equal in nature or nurture, so if you want find which will be more strong there always have a method.

Nature has a very strongly influence in early human’s intelligence, it will decide by your nature. Most people believe that a pair of intelligent parents will have clever son, most of this will be true. Base on that in genetics chromosomes will affect the children's intelligence, if both of father and mother have a good gene the baby probably have a good intelligence. If a baby have a good gene he will learn things more fast than others, then will find his intelligence will a little higher than the baby who just have a good environment but not a very genius one. "Children growing up in the same family are not very similar. Sibling correlations ate about .40 for cognitive abilities and about .20 for personality, and sibling concordances for psychopathology are typically less than 10%(Robert Plomin)".Use these instances we can find that at the same nurthur human's intellegence and psychopathology are different. so we can say that nature’s influence is a little strongly than nurture. Overall we can find that the balance isn’t always balanced, if you just have a good environment but don’t have a good talent, you won’t have a good intelligence. But if you have a good gene it will be more easily, if you want have a high intelligence. So maybe  nature have a little strongly influence in this question.

Reference: 
 Kimberly Powell http://genealogy.about.com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture.htm

 Robert Plomin Environment and Genes February 1989 • American Psychologist

ESSAY

There are different influences on early human development. Both nurture and nature have strong influence. Nature gives us natural abilities, nurture helps us develop those abilities. Different people have different opinions. Some people think that nurture has strong influence on early human development. But other people argue that nature has more great influence. This essay will discuss which influences is more important to children’s development.
Nowadays, more and more people begin to focus children’s early development. They pay more attention to concern the growth of the children.It is obvious that nurture plays an important role in early human development. Though children have their innate biological structure which determines many personal characteristics, it still can be affected by nurture. According to Watson and Skinner(1930), we know nurture can turn a child into any kind of adult. They describe the most extremely form that infant who is chose at random can be train to be any type of people they wants, regardless of talents, abilities and interests(1930,p.104). Therefore, nurture is important for children to develop personality traits.For example,there have a common phenomenon in China. Many young couples send their children to learn dancing, singing, piano and other outside interests, although some children do not like to learn these interests. The parents just expect children to develop the interest which the parents have not completed. Some parents do not want their children to be worse than other children who learn outside interests. Although the parents need to spend a lot of money, they still send their children to learn outside interests. When children who train outside interests grow up, those interests would become their jobs. What’s more, although all children have the same sequence of motor behaviours, we can change by some extra practice. The studies shows that infants who usually do stepping practice begin walking earlier than infants who do not have this practice(Zelazo, Zelazo&Kolb, 1972). So nurture determine and strongly influence children’s development.
However, some people argue that nature has great influence on early human development. Children share many biological traits with their parents,such as height, weight, skin colour, eyes, hair and so on. Many personal characteristics have been decided by hereditary structure. In generally, if parents have a bad temper, children may also have a irritable temper. Nature gives human innate capacities, such as listening, speaking and so on. The newborn infants can turn their heads toward where a sound is coming from and they can also distinguish between similar sounds(Bridger,1961). Because we own those abilities, we can develop those abilities. If we do not have one of those innate senses, like a blind man, do more practice is useless. So nature is basic on human development.
In my opinion, nurture and nature have great influence on early human development. They interact to influence the abilities of human development. But nurture is more important than nature. We get biological traits from our parents, especially physical characteristics. Someone probably have genetic element, they have potential in activities such as proform and music. We can develop those potential abilities by nurture. Some personal characteristics can be changed by external environment. For example, a good student can be influenced by his/her bad friends.Because he or she lives in externel environment which students always do not like to study. Maybe he or she will join their. So there must influence his or her some personal characteristics.
In conclusion, people is a combination of nature and nurture .Nurture and nature interact influence on human development. They can not be separated.But as I say before, nurture can change and develop many personal characteristics. So nurture has much stronger influence than nature.
Reference:
Watson.B and Skinner B.F.(1930), p.104 as cited in Atkinson et al,1999, Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology,12E.(c)1996 Wadsworth, p.12
Zelazo and Kolb(1972), as cited in Atkinson et al, 1999, Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology,12E.(c)1996 Wadsworth,p.13
Bridger(1961), as cited in Atkinson et al, 1999,Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology,12E.(c)1996 Wadsworth,p. 15

Coral's outline

Introduction:
background: Academic study is commonly regarded as the most important part of
education. Most student will have this class in the beginning of study
at university.
focus on: how to achieve aims of academic study in the period of study, such as to enjoy learning.

Main: 1. aims of academic study: A. to enjoy learning, this the most important part in the study,
if students are interested in learning academic, they will find
this study become easy than others, and they will feel the
boring academic study become interesting than before.
B. develop personal growth
For any study, this is a can not be ignored part. Because you
could not change content to fit you, so we need to improve us
to study better.
2. how to achieve: A. develop various characteristics
B. study self management to grow self.


(Notes from: Barry. J , 1998, Self-Regulatory Perspective>)

Coral‘homework

For most Chinese people, 1st Oct is a important day, because it is Chinese national day, and people will have a little holiday in the past. This year newspaper reported government return to 7 days holiday since 2010 Chinese national day, and students and workers just have 3days to relax in the past several years, and now people have 4 more days, public think this benefit to people rela from stress and have more time with their families and friends. Another hand, this decision bring some problems to some fields.

First of all, long holidays will bring some burdens to government and economy when people have such a long holiday. They usually choose to travelling, then lots of travellers who need ^ transfer from a city to another city will make transport busy and lead to anther public peoblems. And else, many travelling place have not ability to get a large load of people in shot time, or make these places to get some harm.

Another hand, the long holiday bring many positive to people. For example, students will get relax from busy study and exam stess, most Chinese students study hard for exam to a good university or school, and they have mot many holiday and free time except national holiday.

Above of all, a long holiday have some positive, and will bring many problems, I think government can nt delete this nice plan due to part of people have negative opinions about this policy.

John's outline

1. Introduction:

Define and indentify different aims of academic study, focus on why it is important for students and think about effective ways to achieve these aims.

2. Body:

First paragraph introduce the aims of academic study, list its importance for students and know more about their real motivation and different perspectives for further consideration, including individual career prospects and the needs of developing their personal intellectual, spiritual and logical abilities and etc.

Second paragraph I would expound how to achieve these aims. It needs individual great efforts, family support, the educational atmosphere, teaching methods, facilities and resource.

Third paragraph I will emphasize on finding efficient ways to achieve these goals, and take some examples to argue if only these factors are the right way to follow.

3. Conclusion:

Summarize own views in whole essay and lay emphasis again on the importance of aims of academic study.

Esther's outline

Outline

Introduction:

Academic study for student very important especially has a better aim for individuals.

Body

Aim1: Ensure that the work of a future career. The first we should have a clear objective then talked to the goals of development.

Aim2：to enjoy learning. IN China we have old saying：knowledge in the books will bring gold and beautiful girl. So, enjoy studying is also important.

Aim 3:knowing your strengths and weaknesses. Everyone has their own strengths and weaknesses. Only we have clearly known ours weaknesses before we can have a clear aim, we can have better development.

Conclusion: I will summarize my opinions and explain how to achieve.